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  ~ The "CIVIL" WAR ~
       
by Emil T. Miller  (Tony Miller)

      NOTE:  The music for this page, "Shenandoah," was a favorite song sung
                            around their campfires by our boys in gray during the                  

            ~ War for Southern Independence ~

          The following is an excerpt from
         The BROCK FAMILY GENEALOGY / MEMORYBOOKS:

NOTE: As a writer and historian I will take the time and space right here, for the sake of the site visitor, and our family and our progeny, to set forth a few things.  Things which most Southrons know, verifiable facts which are germane to, and which directly relate to our family ancestry and to all our proud heritage as Southrons:


         The mis-named and so-called,
             “Civil” War  ~
                       - and the true and historically verifiable “cause” of it:
                                                  by Emil T. Miller  (Tony Miller)

        *  "History is the propaganda of the victors."
                                                                   -- Ernst Toller - (German playwright - 1935)
 


     First, let us be clear.  A "Civil War" is defined in all dictionaries as that which occurs when a group or faction within a country attempts to overthrow the current government by force of arms and to install a new government more to their liking. Such NEVER at any time occurred, nor was it ever claimed, intended or threatened. In point of fact the agrarian people of the South (as a distinctly different people from those in the more industrialized Northern states), sought to and did peacefully withdraw (secede) from a union it no longer wanted with the industrialized North, and established their own country and governance - all as the U. S. Constitution provides for (one has but to read it), and to which ALL STATES were signatory when it was ratified.
     After this perfectly proper, legitimate and legal secession, the Northern army (the South had no army at all, nor a navy), on the orders of Union President Abraham Lincoln, in the first openly hostile act of war, invaded the Confederate states of America at the southern port of Charleston by sneaking in and militarily occupying the unfinished Fort Sumpter in the mouth of the harbor, with Mr. Lincoln's stated intent and purpose of closing this primary southern port to all shipping and thereby strangling the new-born Confederacy; all for Lincoln’s oft-stated purpose of "preserving the Union at all costs" (again, one has but to read all this in the Library of Congress and existing copies of all the newspapers of the day.  Shortly after, "Honest Abe" ordered the blockade of ALL Southern ports for the purpose of destroying the New South by choking off all trade with Europe.  The South naturally could not, would not, and did not allow this, making the debate as to who actually fired the first shot at Ft. Sumpter wholly irrelevant in any case.
     Upon further mobilization by the North and their Declaration of War on April 15, 1861 (the South never did such a thing, seeking to defend themselves only), Mr. Lincoln's intent was made even more clear at that time when he next ordered the sinking of Southern ships and then gave his stated purpose of the war to congress; ". . . my goal is to preserve the Union no matter what the cost." And cost it did. 672,000 lives of soldiers alone (more than all our other wars COMBINED), not counting the rapings and killings of the families of the Confederate soldiers and the burning and pillaging of their homes, to wit; Sherman’s totally unnecessary, vicious, sadistic killings and the burning, sacking of Atlanta, Savannah and other Georgia towns during his "March to the Sea" down through a prostrate and defenseless countryside to Savannah, and then his marauding march on up to through many more towns and farms to the Union's burning and sacking of Charleston, S.C. on his (or Lincoln's ?) order - all AFTER  it was obvious to all that the war was over for all practical purposes. Even the Leftist historical revisionists are forced to agree with these entirely verifiable facts.
     From the outset the Sons of the South had no choice but to resort to arms and to defend their families, their homes, their Southron heritage - and their new country, the Confederate States of America with their new Confederate Constitution which also provided for the same States' Rights which had been denied them by Mr. Lincoln and his Industrialist supporters along with their enabling *Marxist politician cohorts in the northern states. In the aftermath of the war and in guilty consciences one must presume, many in the north have recognized all these facts and feebly wave at the truth by referring to it as the “War between the States” instead of their usual "Civil War", and instead of what it actually was, tyranny; i.e., the outright aggression on and suppression of the will of a whole people to be free from oppression. To wit: exorbitant port duties, tariffs, and patently unfair taxation without fair and proper representation, to be free from a union with the North it therefore did not want, and to govern themselves - all rights guaranteed them by the U. S. Constitution, signed and ratified by all states. Indeed, Mr. Lincoln, in his speech at Gettysburg after that battle and in his subsequent "National Prayer", stated:
 
     "It behooves us then to humble ourselves before the offended Power, to confess our National sins and to pray for clemency and forgiveness . . ."
 

     What a paradoxical contradiction it is to note that this country has subsequently fought many wars defending the right of OTHER peoples of the world to do the VERY SAME THING! (To wit: World Wars I and II, Korea, Viet Nam, Bosnia, Croatia, and even recently we have tossed out the oppressive Taliban from Afghanistan and and have now done the same with the sadistic Saddam Hussein regime in Iraq. Indeed we have also supported many other freedom fighters all over the world in our 225+ year history, while that same yearning for freedom in our own people was brutally crushed by Lincoln, the greedy Industrialists and their Marxist politicians in control of the country at that time (with "Honest Abe" as their front man.) For this reason alone, let no one wonder why so many the world over consider us to be two-faced "Ugly Americans!" (Just ask the people of the Balkan countries!).  Indeed, people in other countries are more familiar with "The American Civil War" (our War for Southern Independence) than our "War for American Independence" - - (our American Revolution).
     Those northern industrialists and their politician cronies with their (*)Marxist agenda  [at that time in the Republican Party - now the Liberals (Socialists) of the Democrat Party] were unhappy with the fact that their grotesquely unfair duties and high tariffs they imposed at their northern ports on southern raw materials, such as cotton, tobacco, molasses, rice, kaolin and other products, at the northern seaports of New York, Boston and others, had been obviated by the Southrons when they were able to secure other markets in England and Europe. The only and direct "cause" of this destructive war was these grotesquely unfair taxations without representation and the denial of States Rights to the Southern states, (not "Slavery" as is incessantly and falsely claimed even to this day).  States’ Rights is an issue still very much in contention to this day as well, that useless, senseless, illegal and uncalled for war not having settled this question at all, and since the slaves in the north were not freed after the war, this horrendous war did not achieve a single goal of these greedy industrialists and their *Marxist political friends who got obscenely rich off the war production requirements (at a cost of 672,000 lives, 442,000 of which were Union soldiers).
     Our brave Sons of the South were not defeated, but were crushed by the weight of sheer numbers and overwhelming industrial, rail and shipping capacity. to wit; the population of the North at the time was approximately 25 million of which 3 million were slaves, whereas that of the South was approximately 9 million of which 6 million were slaves - the North had a standing army and a navy, and vast numbers of factories, merchant ships and rail lines while the South, being mostly farmers, had no such army nor navy, no meaningful industrial capacity and pitifully little rail transportation in comparison. Even so, these brave Confederates with their brilliant generals and enemy weapons obtained from battlefield pickups gave more than two to one casualties in the course of the war, a fact which is truly amazing since tens of thousands of Confederates went to war with only a sack of rocks and a butcher knife brought from home, others with only the family shotgun, effective at only a few yards. I remind you here that many of these were our direct kinfolks, approximately 15-20 that I have come across so far on the Brock side of our family alone.
     But it is the victor who gets to write the history, to revise it, to slant it and to distort it to suit their ends and purposes as they choose. I refer to it as the Great American Cover-up since that is exactly what it was (and still is). "Slavery", as wrongfully taught the writer in the schools of the South in the late forties and early fifties - much less all over the North, (and which is still to this day being wrongfully taught and proffered countrywide as the "cause" of that horrendous war), was never, repeat NEVER at any time the "cause" of the war, nor was it ever more than the subject of an ongoing 28 year old political debate (begun in 1832 - refer to the Lincoln/Douglas debates as an example) until more than two years into the war (late 1863). As Black historian W. E. B. DuBois stated and proved, between 1860 and 1865 more than twelve hundred slaves were brought into the New World under the "protection" of the United States flag! I enclose the following excerpt from my book RED JACKET and the LUMP, which itself was taken from Mr. DuBois’ work:

"The pride of the United States slave fleet, which was owned in, and operated entirely out of the New England states (no slave ships were operated in the South although slaves were bought and sold there before the war just as was still being done in the North during the first two years of the war), was the ship NIGHTINGALE. About mid-point of the war (and after the belated cry of “freeing the slaves” was taken up by Lincoln at Gettysburg and by the Northern press), this Northern slaver ship, needed for the war efforts against the South, was "captured" by the U.S. Navy (commandeered) just off the African coast with 900 slaves on board with a death rate of three slaves per day, and brought back to New England (with the approximately 540 surviving slaves still on board) to be refitted for war. The ship had been built in Maine, was commanded by a New Yorker, then bought by a Salem, Massachusetts firm and outfitted as a slaver before the war began. A picture of this ship taken in late 1862, just before being refitted for war and flying the U. S. flag can be seen today in the Peabody Museum in Salem, Massachusetts."
                                                                    
(Emphasis and parenthesis mine).

     At the start of the war, most people both North and South recognized that Slavery as an institution, though still being debated pro and con, was on a gradual path to being brought to an end. Even some northern writers then and now freely acknowledge all these things and have written true, verifiable and foot-noted history for all to read and study, but those books as well as other recent books of true history, are not only totally ignored by the Liberals but actively suppressed by them in the Establishment Media and the University Academia who are in control of the country’s news, schools, school books and curricula. I will furnish a list of all such true and verifiable history books by authors both North and South, to any who express an interest.
     After the disastrous if inconclusive battle of Gettysburg, with people in the North calling for a cessation of the war with the outcome of the war still in doubt and at the height of the huge numbers of desertions in the Union army of over 100,000 per month at one time (the South never had anything remotely close to this problem), Lincoln, in his now famous 274 word Gettysburg Address, invented  “Slavery” as an issue and brought it into the war more than two years after he started it, as a means to give a motivation of a "higher calling" or a "cause" if you will, to the people of the North so they would take heart again and continue the fight. It would have been recognized today for what it was; purely a public relations ploy, advance copies of the speech having been given 13 major Northern newspapers for this very purpose - and it worked to perfection.   All of this is a matter of public record still available for all to see in the Library of Congress and numerous other places.    
     Many people of the North, aware of the Constitution’s provision for States’ Rights, who also believed the South was perfectly within their rights to secede, and who did not care one way or the other if the "union was preserved", now were given another more high-minded and emotional "cause" to rally around  - "Free the
slaves!" - ignoring the fact that the rich Northern industrialists owned three million slaves themselves.  "Preserve the Union" had not worked (the Northern slaves had not been freed - and were not for another 10 years!), but after this speech and subsequent newspaper Ad campaign to promote it, the desertions began to decline and the war was now pursued anew with that new, contrived slogan which in early 1863 began to be trumpeted vigorously in all the northern newspapers, most controlled by the (*)Marxists. It is interesting to note that there were never more than a relative handful of desertions in the South, and indeed, at the time of surrender at Appomattox there were more than 12,000 amputees in the Confederate Army who had returned to service!
    In point of fact, only the slaves in the South were freed after the war (to a far worse and unhappy existence than before), while the three million slaves in the North were not freed for another 10 years (in 1874!), and even then a pregnant black mother’s babies were born into slavery for potentially the rest of their lives! This is undisputed, verifiable, actual history that is not taught in schools nor is it ever spoken of today. Indeed, Massachusetts (that bastion of present-day bleeding heart Socialism!), to this day, has no codified law which ever freed the slaves in that state. At the start of the war the South had already by deed and by law, closed all slave markets and banned such sales, while those in the north continued operation until two years into the war as previously stated. Indeed, slavery was banned in the Confederate Constitution and yet no one points out this fact today! And nowhere does one read or hear today that all Slaver Ships and their captains, AND the remaining slave markets of the country were ALL located, owned and operated in the North at the outbreak of hostilities, and continued so for more than two years into the war, or as stated earlier, that it was another 10 years before any of the Northern slaves were freed, giving ample time for the Yankee slaveholders to sell them at a profit to the French, Dutch, and Portuguese sugar plantation owners in the Caribbean and Dutch East Indies!
     Then afterwards came the also mis-named "Reconstruction" period. No such reconstruction was done by the North except possibly for some money sent by wealthy northerners out of guilt more than anything else.  Indeed the reverse occurred, and the "Vengeance and Exploitation" period would be the far more correct name. Vicious and egotistical northern military "Governors" (with one or two notable compassionate exceptions) and their northern "Carpetbagger" accomplices in cahoots with local individuals of dishonest and low character called "Scalawags", systematically defrauded and robbed the returning surviving soldiers and their remaining families at will, stealing their homes and farms for the pittance of back taxes the Confederates were unable to pay.  Few anywhere will even make an attempt to deny these facts.  One historically verified and still verifiable source of these facts is found in the article below this one entitled "AFTER APPOMATTOX", excerpted from  "A History of Limestone County, Alabama" which included parts of The Authentic History of the Ku Klux Klan: 1865-1877, by Susan Lawrence Davis, printed in New York in 1924.  In this same history, please note that the KKK as originally organized, was an honorable, race-neutral organization which protected the returning Confederate soldiers and their surviving and ravaged families from the Yankee usurpers as noted above, and from the murdering, marauding, roving bands of freed blacks and roque white Union soldiers.  This was all  recognized  on both sides of the Mason/Dixon line at the time eventually, but in recent times this defunct organization has had their name corrupted and mis-used by race separatists and white supremacists.  It is NOT the same organization, but you will never hear this truth from the Leftist Democrat Media or taught in Left-wing academia who delight in warping these facts to suit their treasonous Socialist Agenda.
     These then, are the verifiable and indisputable facts vis-a-vis the so-called and patently mis-named "Civil' War. Proof positive of them and of the falsity of "Slavery" as the "reason" or "cause" for the war still exists today in great abundance and is still available to any and all who wish to see for themselves as I and many others have actually done. The truth is found in copious quantity archived in the Library of Congress at Washington D.C., in the hundreds of thousands of old letters, old newspaper articles, old congressional records, and old diaries of the small and great, of those in power at the time as well as those who fought and suffered the consequences of those gargantuan mis-deeds. In the immediate aftermath, the surviving people of the South lived oppressed lives a day at a time, and tried not to think or talk about what they referred to as the “Late Unpleasantness”.  Sadly, far too many Southrons today adopt the same reluctance but now out of the blind eye of ignorance, apathy, and timidity.
     It is high time the foregoing facts are publicly recognized and the schoolbooks corrected, but we will not hold our breath since this fallacy and the false and fraudulent perpetuation of this myth conveniently results in what the Leftists call the "victimization" of blacks, and "racism" of whites - all which suits the purposes of the Liberal (Socialist) agenda of the Democrat Party as promoted in our "Public" (Leftist Teachers' Union-run) schools, who as a result get 92% of the thus mis-guided black vote), and of the Leftist News Media, the University Intelligentsia and the Godless, decadent Hollywood Establishment - all as so eloquently articulated by such luminaries as Barack Obama, the "Reverend" Jesse Jackson, Al Gore, John Kerry, Teddy Kennedy (of Chappaquidick fame), "Dr." Louis Farakhan, Dan Rather, the "Reverend" Al Sharpton, Barbara Striesand, Tom Daschle, Hillary Clinton, Charlie Rangel and others of this Leftist race-baiting ilk. This and their Socialist school agenda is part and parcel why all these Leftists are deathly scared of School Choice, and HomeschoolingTens of millions of Americans white and black, are living in total ignorance of the true facts and true history of the War for Southern Independence - AKA the so called "Civil" War.
  
   
                                                               ...
© Emil T. Miller  (Tony Miller)
                                                                        
 
(Click here for AUTHOR'S BIO)

    (*) Karl Marx published his Communist Manifesto in 1847)

 
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       ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 

I urge you to consider what I believe to be the very best newspaper in the whole country:

         
TheWashingtonTimes-National Weekly Edition
                                     http://americasnewspaper.com

 This excellent newspaper, published in Washington, D.C., is arguably the nation's foremost newspaper of record, and for the last year they have featured an article in every issue relating to the Civil War and pointing out the historical mis-conceptions held by the majority of Americans due to the dominating, agenda-driven lies and distortions of the Liberal Democrats and their counterparts in the Leftist Media.  The National Weekly Edition costs little more than a dollar a week - only $59.95 for a full year
.  Delivered to your door once a week, it is a compendium of all the major World, National, and State news and articles which have appeared that week in their daily papers.  The paper is editorially Conservative, but its articles are straightforward, without bias or slant and is non-selective.  It gives ALL the news ALL the time, without agenda, and it keeps people up to date and completely informed on all subjects.  When I was introduced to this paper some years ago, I cancelled 5 magazine subscriptions as well as my local and Nashville newspapers because I received far more true and unbiased information in it than all the rest of the left-leaning, agenda-driven publications combined.  Timely, unaltered truth and facts are what I require,  therefore I highly recommend this newspaper!
                                                                                                     ...ETM

                                                                                                 

            

ROBERT E. LEE  (L) - (1807-1870) He was recognized by both sides as by far the most gifted in military tactics and the judicious use of the sparce and meager resources of the Confederacy.  He was also universally recognized as an humble  man of impeccable character, a devout Christian, and was universally beloved by his soldiers.  He said:   "I fought against the people of the North because I believed they were seeking to wrest from the South its dearest rights.  But I have never seen a day when I did not pray for them."  
     At the time of his graduation from West Point, General Lee was known as "the handsomest man in the Army".  A portrait of him done about this time is shown in my book "Red Jacket and the Lump".   He already had three children at that time.

JEFFERSON DAVIS - (R) was also a West Point graduate and fought with distinction in the Mexican War.  He was also an humble man of deep Christian convictions and was reluctant to assume such a high position in the South's new government  He served because his people called him to that duty.
 

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 
LOOKING FOR YOUR IRISH ROOTS AND FAMILY IN THE "CIVIL" WAR ?
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

...here are some very good links to places that are of interest to all Americans and to Southrons especially, and which will help you in your quest as well:

http://www.ancestry.com/                                            http://www.ellisisland.org/
http://www.civilwardata.com/genealgy.html                  http://www.forrestsescort.org/ http://www.scv.org/membership/genealogy.asp
http://www.scotlandsclans.com/census.htm                   http://www.genealogy.com/index_n.html
http://www.irishgenealogy.ie/                                        http://www.scv.org/

 http://www.pointsouth.com/Merchant2/merchant.mvc?Screen=SFNT&Store_Code=ABS http://www.dixienet.org/csa_downloads/southron_music.htm           http://www.tennessee-scv.org/
http://www.georgiascv.com/                                          http://www.geocities.com/athens/agora/9743/  http://www.tvgs.org/general.htm                                    http://www.researchonline.net/gacw/gacd.htm http://www.researchonline.net/gacw/gacd.htm                http://www.confederateflags.org/ http://members.aol.com/awill84810/csmusic.htm            http://www.itd.nps.gov/cwss/soldiers.htm http://www.geocities.com/Area51/Lair/3680/cw/cw-ga.html
http://www.cviog.uga.edu/Projects/gainfo/cwphotos.htm

               
 



The "Flag Flap":   
     Why I Stand Up for the Confederate Flag  
                  by Charles Culbertson                      
Wednesday, June 20, 2001   
 

     Am I, a white Southerner, offended by public displays of the Confederate battle flag?

     The answer, not surprisingly, is no.

   My ancestors - dirt-poor Georgia farmers who did not own slaves - threw themselves against an enemy that outnumbered them three to one and outgunned them a thousand to one, and fought until they were too spent to draw back the hammer of a rifle.

     They fought to preserve their homes, families and the sanctity of states' rights, and did so under a slashed, red banner designed to reduce confusion in the heat and smoke of battle. It was, and still is, a symbol of courage, fidelity and sacrifice on a grand scale.

     Not everyone, of course, sees it that way. Black Americans in particular claim to be offended by the flag's public display because, for them, it represents the institution of slavery. Yet in any discussion about this particular symbol, we must remember a couple of historical notes:

     The Confederacy supported slavery, but so did the United States. In fact, it was the U.S. flag that flew the longest over slavery, and it was the U.S. Constitution that condoned and protected it as an institution. It was the United States that allowed slavery to flourish so that Northern businessmen could get rich.

     Further, Abraham Lincoln - the Great Emancipator himself - wasn't terribly worked up over the welfare of slaves and said so a number of times. His concern was that he shouldn't preside over a divided country, and went to war to keep the South in the fold, not to eradicate slavery.

      So, if we're going to start censoring symbols, there's a lot of candy-striped flags to remove from statehouses, post offices, American Legion halls, cemeteries, school houses, and office buildings.

     My point is that no cultural group celebrates its lowest common denominator. Blacks in this country don't hold African heritage festivals to honor the fact that their own people gleefully sold them into slavery, or to support the genocide, sexual mutilation of women and absence of human rights that characterize Africa to this day. No, they celebrate tribal family values that helped see them through the terrible days of enslavement on a foreign shore.

      Those of Japanese descent in America don't celebrate the Bataan Death March, the Rape of Nanking or the murder of tens of thousands of innocent Allied prisoners during World War II. Rather, they point to centuries of beauty and art, and hold them up as ideals of their culture.

       Likewise, Oktoberfests don't exist to celebrate the slaughter of millions of Jews and an insane attempt at world domination. Instead, Germans rightly point to the influence their culture has had in music, architecture and philosophy.

     And American Southerners who honor their Confederate heritage do not celebrate the institution of slavery. We pay homage to superhuman courage and heroism in the face of overwhelming odds. We list dedication, sacrifice and a willingness to die for home and hearth as the height of what is good in the human spirit.

      The day we say, "You may no longer revere your cultural heritage because of your culture's sins or the misuse of its symbols," is the day we must eliminate every culture known to man.

      But when you strip the issue to its core, the problem isn't the Confederate battle flag at all. The problem is that its most vitriolic opponents - specifically the NAACP, which attacks Confederate heritage at every opportunity - aren't doing anything to address real problems among blacks. By attacking Confederate occasions and symbols, the NAACP succeeds in drawing attention to things most people normally wouldn't notice - which, I submit, is precisely what the group wants. Its aim is to deflect attention from the real dilemmas facing blacks and from the fact that the NAACP is doing nothing to solve them.

     For example, 70 percent of black children are born out of wedlock, which studies show puts them at a much greater risk of living in poverty. Black 17-year-olds read at the same level as white 13-year-olds. On average, black students score 200 points below whites on the SAT. Further, 52 percent of prison inmates are black and another third are on probation or parole. Fifty-two percent of blacks say they are afraid to walk alone at night in their neighborhoods.

     Where's the NAACP's outrage over these deplorable social conditions? Where are the marches and demonstrations and editorials and community programs designed to draw attention to and solve these problems? Does the NAACP really think that the elimination of Confederate events and symbols will suddenly make life a bed of buttercups for blacks in this country?

     I've got a news flash for them. If all Confederate proclamations, commemorative events and emblems disappeared overnight, the material interests of blacks wouldn't improve one iota. Nor would racial stereotypes, bigotry and hatred miraculously vanish.  The enemy here isn't a historical symbol or the long-dead soldiers who fought under it, but rather the NAACP's unwillingness to come to grips with real dilemmas that need real solutions. The flag is simply a convenient scapegoat.

                                                                                  © Charles Culbertson

Charles Culbertson is a Civil War historian and a weekly political columnist for The News Virginian, a daily newspaper in Waynesboro, Va.

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                                                        ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~


*  "When even one American - who has done nothing wrong - is forced by fear to shut his mind and close his mouth, then all Americans are in peril."
                                                                                       ...Harry S.Truman
 

                                                        ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 


WORKING ON CIVIL WAR RELATED GENEALOGY ?

Here are some top sites to get you started off, and refer to those given above as well:

http://www.ancestry.com/

http://www.ellisisland.org/

http://www.civilwardata.com/genealgy.html

http://www.scv.org/membership/genealogy.asp

http://www.scotlandsclans.com/census.htm

http://www.genealogy.com/index_n.html

http://www.irishgenealogy.ie/


~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

AFTER APPOMATTOX 1865 - 1870. . .
 
                                    ...Political Correctness corrected and Revisionist History exposed!

  Eye-opening facts you never hear from the Leftist News Media - more true and verifiable history that is never brought to light... but which can NEVER be denied:

                                       

*  "When you return to your homes, you will take with you the satisfaction that proceeds from the consciousness of duty faithfully performed", said Robert E. Lee at Appomattox.

                                                     

...Excerpted from a history of Limestone County, Alabama:

     And afterwards, hundreds of weary, dirty, often vermin-ridden men marched homeward, heads bowed in sorrow over their dead comrades lost in a cause for which they had given everything. That the bowed heads did not signify defeat was often reiterated by those who had been there-at Shiloh, Bull Run, Salem Church, Gettysburg and many other never- to- be forgotten places of which they had never heard before being caught up in war.

     The confederates reached Limestone County in Alabama in that summer and fall of 1865, unprepared for the scenes which met them - the courthouse and many buildings around the square lying in gutted ruins, homes pilfered of all vestiges of former beauty and /or comfort, hunger rampart, and fields stripped bare by the occupying forces. Corn, when it could be found, was almost their only means of sustenance. Unfortunately, they couldn't eat cotton, for five million bales of that commodity were stored in the South, which would have been many millions in Liverpool, but much of it was seized, and a heavy tax was levied on the remainder. Before a law was passed to exempt the tax in 1868, Alabamians paid almost $10.3 millions in tax. The New York Chamber of Commerce had its influence in this exemption law, perhaps, for they reported that they deplored this tax, on the grounds that "taxation without representation is tyranny," and the cotton tax was a violation of the U. S. Constitution.

     Other problems arose as the veterans settled in to recoup their losses. Lands that had been cleared in the early part of the century by pioneer antecedents and mastered with pride and prosperity before 1861, began to slip away through the chancery courts and bankrupt proceedings because of high taxes imposed upon them. Freedmen, who had been good workers under the slave system, now bided their time, waiting for the "forty acres and a mule" promised them by the Freedman's Bureau from their former masters' lands. The former President of the Confederacy was imprisoned at Fortress Monroe; the government to which they had pledged allegiance was in shambles, and loyal Confederates considered it treason to identify with the Federal Government.

     State and local governments had little or no jurisdiction over the citizens. Perhaps the most serious problem lay in the lawless bands of black and white soldiers and agitators who seeking power and revenge for real or imagined insults. It was not long before it was apparent that some kind of protection against these outrages was imperative. In her book, the Authentic History of the Ku Klux Klan: 1865-1877, printed in New York in 1924, Susan Lawrence Davis gives an account of these troubled times. We herewith wish to give a condensed version of her findings, made through her personal memories, interviews, and documents dealing with the period of activity of this group which began in Pulaski, Tennessee as a secret social organization on Christmas Eve, 1865.

     Their first ride through town, dressed in their strange garb, produced fear among the superstitious, and this fear became the weapon used by the Ku Klux Klan after it became more than merely a social lark, but dedicated itself to the protection of the innocent. In February, 1866, Captain John C. Lester of Pulaski, visited Lawrence Ripley Davis, father of Susan Davis, in Athens. There was a rumor that white children would be forced by bayonet to attend a school in the Baptist church in Athens which had been opened for Negroes by J. W. Alvord of the Freedmen's Bureau. Mrs. Jane Hamilton Childs, who had saved the Female Institute from the torch by her Northern sentiments, persuaded the commanding officer not to carry out this threat. She had lived among the Southern people long enough to know that they were far from being ready for such a drastic departure from tradition.

     Following this favorable talk between Lester and Davis, Editor Frank McCord of the Pulaski Citizen and Grand Cyclops of the Pulaski organization, met with a group of leading citizens at "The Cove," three miles from Athens. Charter members attending were: Dr. Nicholas Davis Richardson (elected Grand Cyclops of the Athens den), R. A. McClellan, Robert Donnell, Fortunatus Wood, Paul L. Jones, John B. Floyd, T. J. Cox, R. B. Mason, William Richardson, James B. Richardson, W. R. Pryor, William Cass Nichols, Thomas Carter, Henry J. Pepin, and Edwin R. Richardson. Edwin Tanner, son of Peterson Tanner and ex-Confederate soldier living three miles from Athens, was called out of his house, dragged into the road and shot by Negro soldiers in August 1866.

     It so happened that Tanner's wife had just given birth to a son and Dr. N. D. Richardson, the attending physician, was there. The doctor sent a faithful ex-salve of his to Athens to notify the Ku Klux Klan members to come and capture the murderers. Plantation bells, signal of danger among the Klan, started ringing over the county. Sue Davis recalled that she was awakened by the bell at their home in the east end of the county, and saw her father, dressed in Klan regalia, kissing her mother goodbye. The Klan members pursued the murderers to the Tennessee River, where members of the guilty party tried to cross the railroad bridge by foot, met an oncoming train and jumped into the river. Some escaped and some were drowned. Edwin Tanner's will was probated by Samuel Tanner, Jr., on 29 August 1866.

     Many other outrages were perpetrated by members of the Union League and the Loyal League, which was a branch of the parent organization. The Union League was founded in Ohio in 1862 to bolster the morale of the Union Army, which suffered several defeats during that time. The League sent agents into the South to distribute leaflets to Negroes with orders to molest women and children to the point that their Confederate soldiers would leave the army to protect them. Sue Davis recorded that a faithful slave, Alex, brought such a paper to her mother to read it to him. After he heard it, Alex declared that he would die before harming her or the children. Alex asked for a shotgun belonging to Davis, and sat at the front of the Davis house with the gun and an axe to guard the house during Davis' absence. Scenes like this were enacted all over the South.

     After the post-war marriage of Federal General Jesse Phillips and Sue Davis's sister, Virginia Davis Harris, they were often in Washington, D. C. Once they were invited to attend a meeting of the Loyal League. At this meeting, it was decided that the name of "Loyal League" should be changed to "Ku Klux Klan," and they would send more men South to spread terror. Mrs. Phillips decided to go to President Johnson, whom she had known during his short residence in Limestone County as a young man, to apprise him of the situation. Johnson later reported that it was after her visit to him that he changed his tactics of abuse of the South, and determined that that section should be fully restored to the Union.

     Virginia Phillips then hurried South to inform her brother and the other Ku Klux Klan members of the false Klan's plans. General Nathan Bedford Forrest, by now the Grand Wizard, called a meeting in Athens, and stationed men to patrol the roads and arrest those who could not give the very secret and authentic Ku Klux grip and pass word. President of the Loyal League around Athens, according to testimony given by Captain William Richardson, was D. H. Bingham, who is mentioned several times in the newspaper accounts. Richardson stated that the League met in an old drug store building on the corner of the Athens square. Although the Ku Klux Klan spread rapidly throughout Alabama, the headquarters for the State were always in Athens. General James H. Clanton, brother-in-law of L. R. Davis, was the first Grand Dragon of the Realm of Alabama. Clanton was killed in 1871 as the result of a railroad dispute in Chattanooga. General John T. Morgan served from that time until 1876, when the Klan was instrumental in his election to the U. S. Senate; and General Edmund W. Pettus, a native of Limestone and later U. S. Senator, served from that time until the actual disbanding of the Klan in 1877.

     Bishop Hooker Wilmer, close friend of Morgan, went to England to see Judah P. Benjamin, ex-Confederate Cabinet member who became one of the most noted of English barristers. Benjamin, a Jew, was so impressed with the work of the Klan that he borrowed money to assist them in their efforts. Bishop Wilmer became the chaplain of the Alabama Klan and Father Abram Ryan, the noted southern poet, became the Chaplain for the Invisible Empire. Ryan attended at least one meeting of the Klan at the Athens home of Henry J. Pepin. In 1871, when the health of Dr. N. D. Richardson made it impossible to continue as Grand Cyclops of the Athens den, Major R. A. McClellan took over.

     McClellan, who had served in Company C, 7th Alabama Cavalry under Colonel James c. Malone, later married Autora Pryor, daughter of Senator Luke Pryor. He was succeeded as Grand Cyclops by Major Robert Donnell, a veteran of company E, 50th Alabama Regiment and the 22nd Alabama Infantry. When Sue Davis and her sisters attended Miss Sally Malone's school in Athens, either their father or Major Donnell would accompany them. Sue later learned that Donnell was one of the guards set up by the Klan to protect the school children. Prior to the first convention of the Klan, held in Nashville during May 1867, Captain William Richardson, Captain John B. Floyd, and Bishop Hooker Wilmer joined Tennessee delegates in visiting General Robert E. Lee in the hopes that he would join and head the movement. Lee would not actively join, but stated that he would support it, so long as it remained a protective organization, in an invisible way. Thus, at the convention, which was held in Room Number 10 of the Maxwell House Hotel, the term "Invisible Empire" was adopted. Captain Richardson asked for, and received, Lee's approval to invite General Nathan Bedford Forrest to be the Klan leader.

     General Nathan Bedford Forrest, L. R. Davis and William Richardson traveled to Memphis before the convention to see Forrest. Richardson wished, in addition to asking Forrest to be the leader, to thank the general for rescuing him from being hanged as a spy (which he was not) in Murfreesboro during the war. J. W. Morton, once commander of artillery in Forrest's company and now Grand Cyclops of the Nashville den, administered the oath to Forrest as Grand Wizard of the Invisible Empire. The Wizard had ten assistants called "Genii." The Empire was divided into Realms, the Realms into Divisions along the line of Congressional Districts, the Divisions into Provinces, and Provinces into Dens. At the convention, principles were adopted, stating that: "We recognize our relation to the United States government, the supremacy of the Constitutional laws thereof, and the Union of the States hereafter." They pledged to protect the weak, innocent and defenseless from the indignities of the lawless; and relieve the injured and oppressed and the suffering, especially the widows and children of confederate officers.

     Forrest issued an order for a 4 July 1867 parade in all the provinces. He himself paraded with the Klan at Pulaski, then they came to Athens, not arriving at the latter place until about midnight. It was here that Forrest reenacted the tactics employed in the battle of Athens in September 1864, when by a skillful movement of his forces which bolstered their number many-fold, he tricked the defending Colonel Wallace Campbell into surrendering the Federal fort west of town. On this July 4th night in 1867, the Klan members came and went "like a wraith in the night," doing nothing to change the belief that they were the spirits of dead Confederate soldiers.

     The worst period for the south came with the end of Johnson's administration. State and local offices were filled by Radical "carpet baggers," and military districts were set up. One instance of this action was in the replacement of John B. McClellan by Silas Thurlow as probate judge of Limestone County in 1868. Klan members and other citizens were incensed. At a meeting in Huntsville in November 1868, Thurlow was killed, and the Klan was blamed for it. Substantial evidence was given later, however, to clear the Klan of guilt. A Federal officer testified at hearings that the Klan was not on the side of the square where Thurlow was shot, and eye witnesses stated that he was killed by Negro soldiers stationed at the Court House. Riots such as this furnished Washington with further reasons to tighten its control over the south. Every killing or whipping or disturbance was credited to the Ku Klux Klan. South Carolina was declared a military state after riots there, and Louisiana and Arkansas were particularly hard pressed.

     When General U. S. Grant was elected to the Presidency in 1869, the South was hopeful that it would then be rid of carpet bag rule, but they were disappointed. The first Anti-Ku Klux Act was passed in 1871, and the second in 1872. Trials were held in Huntsville in May 1872, in which much evidence was brought forth, showing that the Klan was innocent of many charges against it. The trials made many in the northern states realize the serious situation in which the South found itself. A number of Federal officers spoke in favor of the assistance which the Klan had offered to them in the pursuance of law and order. One such case in which the Klan proved of value was in the arrest of the desperado, Tom Clark, who left a wake of violence in North Alabama and Tennessee. When Forrest heard of the atrocities committed by Clark and his band of Tories, which northern papers called the work of the Ku Klux Klan, he went at once to Florence and held a meeting at the plantation George S. Houston near Muscle Shoals. Two of Clark's men were captured by Klansmen and taken to military authorities at Florence, under command of Captain DeFord, who had the men shot.

     In 1868, the Radical governor of Tennessee, William P. "Parson" Brownlow, issued an order that Ku Klux Klansmen be shot on sight. During a speech in New York about this time, Brownlow was quoted as saying that he would like to see every Rebel man, woman ,and child exterminated south of the Mason and Dixon line. Such statements, of course, kept the hatred and bitterness alive in all geographical sections of the country. Brownlow's order, coupled with the fact that atrocities were being committed far beyond the geographical range of the Klan, but attributed to them, caused Forrest to issue his only written order to the Klan on 20 October 1869. He demanded that all true members of the Klan destroy their masks and costumes. Any one refusing to do so would be "deemed an enemy of the Order, and shall be treated accordingly." It was stated that the Klan had never been the enemy of Negroes as long as they were peaceful, and indeed that they had come to their assistance in many instances. The Klan, it was stated, stood for order and peace, it was not a military or political organization, but a protective one.

     This order led to the popular belief, as it evidently was intended, that the Ku Klux Klan had officially disbanded, but this was, in fact, not a reality until the death of Forrest in 1877. By that time, the difficult situation had been greatly alleviated. The "new day" that had long been dreamed of, was dawning. It was during the meeting at Houston's plantation, as described above, that Houston expressed his fervent desire that Alabama be rescued from radical rule. His old friend, Lawrence Ripley Davis, said that Houston was the only man who could defeat the Republican candidate, and that he would "stump" the state for him. Houston would win his campaign in 1874, and become the first Democratic governor to bring home rule back to the state. Davis went with him to Montgomery as his private secretary, and helped to bring about the reforms which would eventually put the State on a firm footing.

     It cannot be denied that Susan Davis was highly prejudiced in her Authentic History, but it does present a clearer picture of events in those dark days. We get a glimpse of these conditions in the novel Gone With the wind, by Margaret Mitchell. It is interesting to note that Susan Davis sued Margaret Mitchell, stating that the latter had plagiarized whole pages from her Authentic History of the Ku Klux Klan in her novel. The suit was eventually dropped. Invaluable information can be derived from the newspapers of the day, and we have endeavored to disseminate a better understanding of the times, sans magnolias, in this work. The whole story, however, cannot be gleaned from the yellowed newspaper journals, for much of the history could not be printed one hundred and twenty-odd years ago.

     Following this introduction, Faye Acton Axford and Eulalia Yancey Wellden listed a collection of local excerpts from the Newspapers of the Day which tell the story of the citizens struggle. For example: Athens Weekly Post 1867; Real Estate Sales - B. Sanders, trustee for J.W.S. Donnell, advertised for sale on 4 November 1867, the "magnificent residence in the town of Athens, situated near enough to the public square for the owner to enjoy all the facilities of town, and remote enough to have all the quietude of a country life, etc. I will also proceed to sell for cash, in the county of Lawrence, State of Alabama, on Tuesday 12 November 1867, the plantation known as the Seclusion Place, containing 2000 acres more or less.

     Churches - The world-renowned Southern pianist, L. P. Wheat, gave a concert at the Cumberland Presbyterian ChurchY Rev. G. W. Mitchell who through the long night of war kept its fires burning and his flock together...  for two years he was the only clergyman in the place. His church was used by the Federal military, for occasional barracks and hospital. When the carpets, books and furniture were mostly taken, then for quartermaster and commissary stores, until the floors and gallery were broken down, after which almost every piece of timber was destroyed - pulpit, seats, floors, windows, blinds, sills -all consumed, leaving the bare walls.

     The Memphis Avalance paid tribute to the memory of Capt. Thomas Hubbard Hobbs, who died in July 1862 as a result of wounds received in the battle of Gaines Mill. "No better man, or braver soldier, fought with the Army of Northern Virginia - He gave his life for the country he loved so well, and for the development and improvement of which, he had done so much. In every sense of the word, he was a true man-as near faultless as it is possible for a man to become in a world so full of wickedness and deception as ours. There was never but one Tom Hobbs in this county" George Donnell, a faithful and honest old servant died in October. "For four years the souls of many of us had never wafted higher than the range of a cannon ball; our thought never reached deeper than a soldier's shallow grave; our calculations were of the comparative strength of armies, and the power of gunsY but there was a little flock among the faithless - Dr. Petway, was sent to fill this station and under him and Smith a revival of religion had returnedY "
                     ...from a history of Limestone County, Alabama

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